World Journey VIII

Dutch East Indies and Singapore

Monday, April 7, 1935

Crossed the equator yesterday, today, shark with a huge fin, Islands tiny with Palms, calm sea.

Afternoon, 5 Macassar Celebes. Divers in the sea for coins, porters like convicts in yellow and khaki uniforms. Amazed to see the Fez. Delonsley - scene, wants to go to Mounts Tarakyl. "Terribly, you no get first its."

Agent:- "Well take Jap car, 10 cents instead of 12 cents, but the car will be rotten".

Through the streets, 47 surrounded our car, laughing, fez, Arabs. Vicki Baum on board, mutton dressed as lamb, yellow dyed hair.

Chinese shops, Ho Seng, Hwa Boo:- Armenian types, colour, Jap

Tokyo design, Mohammed, Ebrahim, Tokyo Miyato, Biscuits Japan.

Photograph:- called Foedji (Fuyi).

Kita Diim~ - Pot with one red rose, picture of Emperor Meyi, picture of Emperor, the future of Tsushima.

Next door to Aan Chin Lao, first class eating house. Picture (advert) Japanese girl, picture of Japanese liner. "Formerly there was one Japanese boat a month, now two a week" Singlets boy all Japanese now.

Early morning, fresh, cool lovely town full of life, Mohammedan girls with covering over head, but not covering face, bicycles speeding, Arab faces, fezs, sarong.

Pass Kita Djima, Jap bicycle (cost 25 quilder, 55, which formerly cost 75, Dutch bicycles cost three times as much).

Travellers, palm like hand, turns with sun.

(Shops - Hindu from Bombay, about 50 Hindu here. "Formerly we sold nearly 90% Dutch, now 90% Jap, nearly all Jap" blazing colours, except the delicate brown cloths of Java with a slightly Arab design. Why? "Because many colours, many kinds, Dutch and English now make many colours. All same and cheaper"

The Japs are the great fishers here. The Japs photograph, but mainly selling American and German shots of Jap boats etc.) Palms along the road, Mango trees.

Man carry on coconuts, (crowds) bamboo shoots, cart with a horse brilliantly shining like gold. Potatos, chickens and boxes carried to the market:- Trees, bananas, coconuts line the road, lot of purple colours in the Sarongs.

Kapok tree, lots of Caraboa, children watch Caraboa by the side of the road, with straw hats.

Huts above ground on piles of wood. Ducks, Native with what looks like a red and white football jersey.

Goats on the road, natives with check red skirts, naked children in huts of straw.

Flocks of women in colour behind the bamboo framework of the windows. Laughing child with white teeth shouts and grins. Natives on horses, small with flowing manes.

Markets rounds of tobacco very coarse, fish smell, ground lined with green bananas, beautiful butterflies flit, huge bamboo trees.

Wild brown rivers, good bye virgin forest, tigers.

Molilo, the chauffeur refused to have meat, as mohammedan, for fear there was fat.

Volcanos around, in the rest house we were served by a dignified old man with a turban. Coffee was served in liquer glasses and hot milk poured on top into cups and saucers made in Japan with white pear blossoms.

Back to boat, sailed at 12.30.

Wednesday. April

Passed Bali, most went ashore, rainy, chess, dined in 2nd class. Chinese food, Sharks fin soup etc delicious.

Chess with Fletcher, and so to bed. Story of a Weishman who murdered wife and ran off with another woman, "Why he’ll be smoking cigarettes next!"

Fletcher - "A woman in the Far East is just like having a glass of beer".

"1 got traded a native girl for a bicycle. I bought her from her father. She was satisfied, he had always wanted a bicycle and I was satisfied, because she was 13 and hadn’t been covered and was most pretty. But she got a little bad tempered and then she wanted to marry someone in the village, so I was glad to get rid of her."

Thursday. April

6 o’clock docked - Wakened by boy "Police permit" landed in Soerabaio, went ashore with Fletcher.

Went to see the British Consul, intelligent spoke in a whisper. They’re scared here of the Japanese. They are increasing their fortification in Borneo. B T They believe the Japs want Borneo oil, very afraid.

"They are beginning to thank God for the British Empire"

"They have their Naval base here at Soerabaio. They also have an Air base, (I remembered that I had seen 2 bombing seaplanes that morning), for defence against the Japs.

There are rumours that the Japs are buying Portugese land in Timur. This would be right on route to Australia, so in Port

Davao they are fortifying more.

The Naval ships here are hopeless, about three cruisers!

"But air, they have just bought 14 Douglas Planes for the Holland Batavia route."

"Japs can’t imigrate much because they have to pay here, 150 guilder which is a lot in Yen."

They dominate the Cotton goods, pottery etc. See Java Gazette figures, 95%, Dutch textiles terribly hit.

They have unfair methods. Into Singapore they import cotton goods described as other goods, because of the quota. Into Calcutta cotton goods as "Fancies" which are not dutiable.

Their shipping methods are unfair(Sarikit Islam)?

The Nationalist movement was strong here, that was encouraged under the old Governor General, who was weak and liberal. His wife thought that it was the white man’s oppression which led to the natives not wearing shoes.

The present Governor is strong, he rounded up the nationalists and sent them of f to a concentration camp. He’s smashed the nationalists. More influenced by events in India than by the Philippines.

"One has to be firm with the natives. Kindness in the East is interpreted as weakness."

Natives wearing football jerseys, white with red hoops and sarong.

Conversation in Tram — "Japanese mean war. We’re afraid, they want our oil."

At Hotel Simpang met Fletcher:- "I’m for the cheap Japanese goods. On my plantation we have opened a store with Japanese goods where our workers can buy goods cheaply. Therefore we can cut down the wages."

Other man :- "Yes but Japanese goods are killing us, no more business left. The Jap goods mean that many Chinese salesman is dead and his boy is dead. Curse them, they’re selling everything, pianos, radios." outers have not had effect yet.

Telens - March 1934, the quota, 39% non Dutch goods 61% Dutch, will lead to Improvement. Rubber is bad, prices down. Sugars Improving. No increase in Japanese immigration.

Singapore free press - "Bud Walley (POOC) Penang, staged a comeback last night at the Wembley stadium when he beat Tan Hong Choon on points.

The fight was a very disappointing one. Choon used only one hand during the first two rounds, and when he did use both, it was just to swing wildly.

In the first round the referee intervened and warned both men to take the fight seriously."

Poisons, example ie. men wanting to leave, friends poisoned, revenge for whipping, also women, kicked out with child, came back poisoned, quickly, she died many months after.

Beliefs of natives, Fl. came home one night about 11 o’clock, singing through the village. Day or two later, man came and asked for an advance to give a feast. An evil spirit had visited the village and had woken them up by howling and squealing. Limericks, Donkey and Moody.

(Mixing Bamboo hair in the food, very small, can’t notice)

 Friday April

Woke up on Op de Nook in Semarang, launch ashore after pancakes for breakfast, strange craft. Took car (15 gulden) with Fletcher to Borobuduer. Wonderful Hindu Temple, 9th century, stone carvings superb.

Bataria National Socialists among the Dutch growing, stronger government, stronger rule over the natives.

Bataria Consul - I must be like a clam about negotiations with Britain. It’s in the interests of Holland to maintain neutrality, because they know that we are obliged to defend them in any case.

They’re scared stiff of the Japanese. They can’t defend the East Indies any more than we can defend Hong Kong.

Naval agreement, probably on account of oil. British interest in maintaining oil in the hands of the Dutch.

Morley - "Formerly when we saw native with fountain pen and new clothes and hat, we said - he’s been stealing - Now it’s Japanese goods. Means also we can reduce wages.

In Soekamanch, we have our shop where we can sell bicycles for 6 gulden."

Cured by native doctor, ours said operation.

British :- "this country’s in the wrong hands, in the Dutch. Don’t like the Dutch.

Mums - "1 like him, it’s funny because he’s a Englishmnan. Suekamanth

&&Section in German&& It isn’t right.

Walk in the rain, black clouds, magician in villagers huts for shelter. "Football, we won 5 — 0"

Japanese

Head very sacred, musn’t touch, take revenge. When sleeping, don’t walk over them, because when they sleep the soul is around them and you’re not allowed to touch the soul.

Be kind, firm. Doekoen, police after them and girl and throng of admirers goes to doekoen and asks how to get rid of one she doesn’t love. Doekoen gives cigarettes with something in it, gets taste strange, warning that he might be poisoned, or that they’d put salt under the bed. So he leaves the girl alone.

Dutchman in semarany for 27 years, loves native woman, but he quarrelled with her all the time. She went to Doekoen, who sent three men at 100 guilders each to the house, went woman, dagger, killed the Dutchman and tied the woman to make pretence of a robbery.

Revenge always behind back or in sleep. "Sye" - stinking dead dog. Wait for months or years for revenge.

Lot of frauds, priests go from village, tell great story, villagers give cloth etc, and they go to the pawnshop etc. Pay in rice.

Boats going to Mecca, (1200 - 1500 passengers), passenger dies, or child dies, but the people want to take the dead man or child to Mecca, put corpse in paper hide, stink, must go to Mecca.

Afraid of the white coat of the doctor and of the knife of the doctor, as soon as the doctor comes to anything to cut, they run away.

The holy man who goes to Mecca.

Wednesday. April ~ 1935

Lekema

There is no Japanese menace, they all want trade, but distance and difference too great.

They have chosen land expansion (army), rather than sea expansion (Navy), D. E.) Therefore I have no fear at all. To think that every move is strategic is silly.

Of course we are very glad Singapore is built up, but we do not want to give up our traditional policy of neutrality. But our foreign policy is made in Holland not here. The Hague decides.

Japanese goods, Japan sells us about 100 million guilders and only buys about 14 - 15 million, we must balance.

National movement almost dead. We stamped it out about two years ago. We forbade public meetings, all the fun of it went and no- no trouble at all.

There were little foreign influences. They don’t think of the Philippines here, realise that the U.S. is leaving for economic reasons. The only foreign nation to make use of the natives was Japan. They made (Nagoaka?) declaration over our heads, to the natives to say that the natives benefitted from the Jap cheap goods.

There was also Kun communist movement in 1926 - 7 but that’s dead now.

Differences between the British and the Dutch Eurasians are equals having to play a very important role. In India scorned, must be about 40,000 Eurasians.

Indirect Rule

We rule through the Princes and native rulers. There is Dutch India and Native India.

Went to see Mr Pronk, K. Prime Minister. He seemed terrified to say a word. "The negotiations are riot over, we do not want anything to appear in the press which might endanger our negotiations. I’m very, very sorry to disappoint you, but our policy must be one of silence."

Had Mr Zentgraff’s grand car to take me around. Plenty of green open spaces in Batavia.

Called at the American consulate to see Mr Brown.

Mr Pekema took me to see the acting President of the Legis assembly, a dignified old Javanese nobleman. "Don’t call him Malayan" said Pekema, "He’s proud of being Javanese". Went through Leg. Assembly, bowed to the acting president, saw his room. Pictures (etchings) of Hindu Temples. (Borobadav) Looked down at a girl praying before Buddha.

Asked me about my journey. Told me that there were 60 members of the Legislative Assembly.

He wore a brown, black and white turban, a white coat and a brown black and white sarong.

They held out for a 50/50 division of the import business between Dutch and Jap interests, while the best terms the Dutch would consider was 85/15 ratio.

No agreement, unlikely any agreement.

As larger purchases from Japan were not accompanied by increasing shipments to that country, the trade balance was heavily in favour of Japan. Dutch hoped to compel larger purchases by the Japs, not possible get ~ , case of sugar was typical. Jap sugar industry had a surplus of it’s own.

Opium smuggled into Java by Chinese, on boat I came on there was probably opium smuggled.

Mrs Peekema - I believe in Black Magic. I can break up any family, I can separate a loving couple.

(Black Magic, 2 out of 3 believed)

Ugly man wanted pretty girl in Kampong. She hated him. He used Black Magic (went to Doekoen). One night she walked in her sleep to his hut.

Evening with Miss Calland, Mr & Mrs A Shuio, Soloweg 10.

Thursday. April ~

Zentgradf, Javabode.

Went to his office, came in very excited - "Japan! Just had most important talk with the Procurer General, very secret. We know that Japan has plans to come in as soon as war breaks out in Europe. So we are working hard on that problem. That is the Japanese policy, as soon as preoccupied in Europe, they strike".

Kao Angeljno

Alliance with England?

No, it’s a rumour started by the Japanese at the Bat. Conference. We put forward the point order that Japan should buy from us. They spread rumours that we were only being so bold because we had Great Britain behind us and that it was an anti - Japanese move.

We haven’t given up our traditional policy of neutrality.

Will Japan attack?

They can do anything if there is war. They’d attack the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies. They know they could do it easily, they’ve got the power in the Far East.  Just look at (I)Shihara’s book, showed me map which had Australia and the Dutch East Indies as colonies.

They held out for a 50/50 division of the import business between Dutch and Jap interests, while the best terms the Dutch would consider was 85/15 ratio.

No agreement, unlikely any agreement.

As larger purchases from Japan were not accompanied by increasing shipments to that country, the trade balance was heavily in favour of Japan. Dutch hoped to compel larger purchases by the Japs, not possible get ~ , case of sugar was typical. Jap sugar industry had a surplus of it’s own.

Opium smuggled into Java by Chinese, on boat I came on there was probably opium smuggled.

Mrs Peekema - I believe in Black Magic. I can break up any family, I can separate a loving couple.

(Black Magic, 2 out of 3 believed)

Ugly man wanted pretty girl in Kampong. She hated him. He used Black Magic (went to Doekoen). One night she walked in her sleep to his hut.

Evening with Miss Calland, Mr & Mrs A Shuio, Soloweg 10.

Thursday. April ~

Zentgradf, Javabode.

Went to his office, came in very excited - "Japan! Just had most important talk with the Procurer General, very secret. We know that Japan has plans to come in as soon as war breaks out in Europe. So we are working hard on that problem. That is the Japanese policy, as soon as preoccupied in Europe, they strike".

Kao Angeljno

Alliance with England?

No, it’s a rumour started by the Japanese at the Bat. Conference. We put forward the point order that Japan should buy from us. They spread rumours that we were only being so bold because we had Great Britain behind us and that it was an anti - Japanese move.

We haven’t given up our traditional policy of neutrality.

Will Japan attack?

They can do anything if there is war. They’d attack the

Philippines and the Dutch East Indies. They know they could do

it easily, they’ve got the power in the Far East.

Just look at (I)Shihara’s book, showed me map which had Australia and the Dutch East Indies as colonies.

Character  Japan

a) "1 have a lot of Japanese friends and have lived long with the Japs, but there is not a single one I’d trust if any motive of patriotism came in. There’s not one who wouldn’t poison me if country were at stake."

"What’s more they’d poison their families. The Japanese have a proverb :- Duty knows no family".

Example of wife committing suicide before husband going to Manchukuo.

Boy in burning school with picture of Emperor, he protected it with his body.

Children weep when they hear this and think "If only I had the opportunity".

Wife whose husband was killed in war, is happy, is congratulated by friends, hence they’d risk all. That means they have idea of Empire, they’d willingly have China’s ports and China by the throat.

Van Hoopstrpaten. DeDt of Economic Affairs

It’s not a question of choosing between Japan or Europe, but either from Japan or not at all. Because if they do not have the Japanese goods, they will not be bought at all.

Sarongs from 6 - 8 guilder for 20 pieces. Europe 12 - 18. The native population (poor) can’t buy the goods if there from Europe. Shift of imports from Europe to Japan.

1) Shipping War

2) Imports

Divide total quota among importers, Jap.

3 aims of the quota system.

1) To diminish imports to stimulate the industry here eg. beer.

2) To give back certain parts of the import to Europe and

America. This must be the result of trade negotiations.

3) Only to divide import amongst importers.

Now preparing negotiations, finished in a few months.

We want to have some industry and to be of help In a crisis. So we have a law for the regulation of industry. Regulations state

- that the printing presses already existing must have a licence, but cannot expand without licence of Government. New ones to start, must have licence from Government.

Pottery - Japs wanted to start a pool of importers for the import of pottery, but we made the quota system, licences system through which pottery should come in through certain importers. So the Japanese had a boycott, said "no pottery shall come in."

That’s their weapon "we’ll not sell to you." knowing the need. They tried to send goods to Shanghai. They tried to send by the

English line to Shanghai, but the English line refused.

Fight to win, artillery, front line, Jap.  We’ll be able to make the division.

No quota’s yet for countries of origin, except for Holland, in certain goods. Bleached Cambrics, 60% from Holland, Bleached Shirting 40% from Holland.

Sugar - They’ll have to buy sugar from us, they’ll have to restrict Formosa, but there must be agreement not to re - export more than a certain amount. If they buy from us and export to China, then they’ll hurt our China trade. Japanese say, "but we can sell sugar better than you can in China".

We say ‘no’ in Tibet, ‘yes’ in Manchukuo and N. China, but not in S. China, where we are far better situated.

High Guilder is bad for Java.

Protection of Sugar

We’ll do everything to help British textiles if you’ll stop protecting sugar. We can produce it at much lower price than you can in East Anglia with sugar beet and we’ll buy British textiles.

Devaluation - Formosa would be unable to do anything against sugar if the Yen not devaluated. Java depends on Sugar.

If England buys our sugar, we’ll buy textiles. If we buy sugar in Java, we’ll create buying power. Then the sugar factories get money from the sugar and thus buy sugar and we’ll buy your textiles and bicycles.

You know that your bicycles are competing strongly with Jap bicycles in Java.

We’re fighting in the vanguard for European goods. You British are the heavy artillery. We are in the front trenches. "We’ll start a shipping war, we’ll fight for European sugar. We want British support against Japanese goods."

"We proposed 30% in shipping, but the Japanese refused."

"We look to China but Japan is fighting against us in S. China, with Formosan sugar."

"We look to British India but the market is being closed. We look that Europe able to see the necessity of buying sugar in order to be able to buy sugar from Java".

G.J. "What measures will you take to fight shipping?"

"Aha! That’s a secret, we don’t want the Japanese to know whence the attack will come. But all the measures are prepared. Please do not reveal our secrets."

War Document, Japanese

"The white powers are trying to make the coloured Races buy their own expensive goods. Which in this connection the Japanese Empire is one in interest with the races of the world and It is not doubtful as to whom the final victory will come."

Alarmed G.J. Spirit of Japan. They must have markets, matter of life or death. Chinese are just playing one against the other.

We’ll maintain a policy of neutrality. No allegience with England

Japanese are certain that war is coming.

There is no alliance. There Is probably a secret military understanding between the Generals. We have not given up the traditional Dutch policy.

Public opinion is very much in favour of understanding with England.

If war in Europe then Japan will either step in, or try and control N. Borneo, or use pressure to try to get favourable trade arrangements.

Shipping war will begin in July; but there are differences between the Foreign Minister (Groff) and the Governor General.

Japanese Consul General

Some of the accusations against the Japanese are absurd. Now they say that we wrecked the tourist trade at Bali. Formerly the women used to go half naked, their beautiful shapes attracted visitors. But the cheap Japanese goods came in and the Bali women started covering their breasts and now the tourists don’t want to come any longer!

Absurd to think that we want to attack. Peaceful policy - peace In the Far East. Some of us resent Singapore, no need, for we have policy of peace.

We would like an understanding with Great Britain. We’ll import a lot from the Philippines.

Our goods are of benefit to the natives, otherwise they’d go naked. We buy more from the world than we sell. They could not close their ports against our boats unless they did it to other nations.

World ruled by suspicion.

There were rumours that Great Britain and Holland had a military

understanding, also the Dutch have fortified parts of Borneo.

Wrong!

Friday, April 19 - Mr Ritman (3, June 1934)

Mr Nagaka and Kamisaka gave a statement to the press: Gave no notice to the Indian authorities, statement was in English.

(Nagoaka, President Kamisaka & Secretary)

(see Dutch in Japan the market closed for time to Dutch, had monopoly of Japanese foreign trade.)

Good quality goods at low prices is of advantage to the buyer and to the seller.

Growth of a number of Japanese shops applauded in Java. Shows that the Japanese merchants and the Jap articles just fit for the general social state of the country.

(NIPA’s Colonial Airchief v. Java, 1934) Ishihara (stone field) blamed -Jap wanted C.I.F. N.I.E - F.OIB.

le. Puts contract for delivering into Japanese hands. The Dutch Government will give licences to importers on condition that they will import in Dutch Bottoms as far as is necessary and desirable.

Dutch India is the biggest client of the Japanese textile industry and in 1934 bought 93 million (more than a third of the total import from Japan) and Japan bought from the Dutch East Indies only 19 ‘2 million guilders. Loses much more than we do.

(Kobe, people couldn’t understand why people with such a small army and navy should make great stand.

Quota for beer has been lengthened for 9 months. Young industry which can live by the limitation of imports and 50% allowances in taxes, soon time will come for normal situation.

In Holland now there’s a move for the abolition of big cruisers and the building of torpedo boats, destroyers, submarines and aircraft. Naval authorities not very willing.

Made fortify Tarakan and Balidapaos.

Some debate between two leading members of the naval staff, one says :— We must be neutral and if we get in difficulties with Japan, I don’t think U.S. and England will intervene. Don’t trust too much to Great Britain and U.S. Other :- Gen Gerth van Wyk (died) had the idea that forces are small and if conflict comes it will not be a conflict between Holland and Japan and we must work together with the English and American forces.

May - June (summer 1934) (in Holland) Dutch forces, De Telegraaf.

Kurl T’urstuer

General idea is that ot Gerth V. Wyic.

(Gerth, May, June 1934 - commanders visited a conference, but very close) There must be some connection, the Naval staffs have probably a plan. The Naval department and the Hague would let me know, but I have a feeling that there is agreement. Interests in Borneo, Royal shell - half European, half Dutch.

Defence of Borneo is British as well as Dutch interest.

But political neutrality. Impossible to remain neutral here in the Far East. I don’t think the danger is so great as people say, coming of the Japs with troops etc. is not so easy. Such as Naval expeditions can be met with air force and you can drop bombs on tank ships.

In Java there is only one place where foreign divisions can come ashore.

In Borneo the danger is this and that the Japs should come in and take the oil ports, Bali and Takaky and you can come with ships to metres from the shore. They can blow up every oilwork there that is.

Balik papai.

Don’t believe the Japs have such projects. They try to go as far as they can with a big mouth.

Good Friday, German Consul - Vallette

Very nervous, serious man, on verge of a nervous breakdown, takes life in earnest.

White races? Dutch say that they are the bulwark. What do the Germans say?

"White races? Why should we help the white races? What has the white race done for us?

The white race has sent coloured troops to ravage our children, and even old women. The white race has condemned us to starve, the white race regards us as an inferior nation and surrounded us with troops and made us guilty of war. When we were surrounded by Gallics.

When I went to fight in the trenches I had opposite me the Gurkha’s :- they were freezing, coughing all night.

White races! Let the white races give equality to Germany and then we’ll see.

I believe we should have an alliance with Japan, then if Russia attacked we’d have the back covered.

White races took away our colonies, took away rights to extra territories and gave our land and Islands to the Japanese. Unity of white races does not exist.

The Indos (Eurasians) play a very big part here. You can divide the ruling population into two parts

1) The Dutch from Holland, who are for Dutch interests, Dutch goods.

2) Indo - Euroaslans who want more autonomy, do not like too much dependence on Holland. They hate the natives and think that they are Europeans. The Indos are terrified of Japan and levy more to the soil here.

Different from us, they marry native women. Take Zentgraff and Rittman, the great newspaper men, they have both got pure native

women. Rittman was telling me - "I suppose that your Adolf Hitler would call my wife a monkey (Af fin)"

Well we Germans hate race mixtures, its a blow to the pride of our race. Recently a German here who was Staaterbos applied for German citizenship, but he could not have German citizenship if he were married to a woman of another race. Although he had children, he divorced her. That’s fine, that’s what devotion to one’s country means.

Well. I said to Rittman "A. Hitler would never dream of calling your wife a female monkey, your wife’s a most charming woman, what we do and think applies to Germany only. We only want Germans to marry people of the same race".

"If I don’t eat onions, it doesn’t mean that I’m going to stop everyone eating onions".

It’s tragic to see the crash of Germans here, fine men who have lost all and had to be sent back to Germany. If only we had colonies! What a tragedy for all of these men, they can’t get on.

Natives are keen on the Japanese goods. The Japs have been subtle in their way of showing the natives why Jap goods are good. There is a quarrel between those who are for Dutch goods and those who are for Jap goods.

(Borsenyeilung, March 2)

Bui yengary

Smell of Nutmeg, clove, cocoa tree, cannon ball tree, camphor, Spangdanis, giant water lilies, gardenia, coffee tree. Japanese consul stand in remembrance before Lady Raffles monument which looks broken down, the roof is falling in.

Maarto

When I was 16, man and child fell in love with me sent me Chocs. I was suddenly sent away to live in the South. I did not know why, heard years later, that he had put a potion in the Chocs and was putting a spell on me to fall in love with him. Parents sent me away.

Great market in Java, Jacobs, Huntley and Palmer etc. They eat masses of them at the feasts (levis etc), but now the Japs are coming in.

Today I saw Jap shop with crowds of biscuits. One was called "Hunting Biscuit", picture of Scottish Guile, man in kilts and a pointer and English Setter, real Japanese!

Jap - the elephant with moving head, aeroplanes, tank, toys. Dined with  Pullan

When we came to our house, we had to have a house warming (Siamatan) for servants. We came back one day, and found big hole in front and a big hole in back of the house. The servants had buried a goats head in each. For a big building they bury a bullock’s head.

There is a white woman who practices black magic, (Mrs Peekema) she Is a wicked woman.

Opium Cruiser, white, one funnel, searching the boats, 1,000 tons, 18 knots, searches the local boats. A preventive presence not much on the Chinese small boats. Bulk on J. C. J. Z. 60% now.

Opium Factory

By court with bell, through 1st room, a lot of black and white check cloths, caps are made without inside lining and the suits without pockets. The workers dress in the other room and come through a turnstile to be searched, all the ears and noses searched to see that none is hidden or hidden behind the ears. Great court with huge trees, low lying. Workers like convicts. 700 men and children usually, now 400!

Little poppy seed holders are cut in with little knife, little drop of opium comes out from British India, Benegal, collected and put in holding of leaves like two birds nests, put together, looks like coconut. Like a block of peat. (Turkey and Persia) Now British India is planting less, Turkey and Persia more. The peat like opium is put in copper machine, other metals are affected by opium but not copper. Knetmaschin, row of Knetmaschin.

Opium poppy, like short Irish stick. Opium cases of brass (Messing) from China, "Smoke more Opium" on the case, advises "If your wife has run away, smoke opium" pictures of elephant, name of Chinese firm, 555 (cigar manufacturer) Is also used for brand of opium.

"If you are sad, smoke opium." Tiger, Elephant. Pot with false bottom.

When the opium has been kneaded and pummelled, it is put in copper sihalen and put over an open wood fire and all, the unre*** impurities are burnt away.

Then opium which has been roasted is put in water containers, very big and mixed with water and aniseed. Then filtered and thickened as liquid. Then goes into a vacuum and made still thicker, then the thick liquid is then gekneted again.

1928 - 1944 until guilders prod. sold, now 8 to 10 million.

Prices here are much higher than in Singapore, thus we suffer a lot from opium smuggling. There’s a refinery in Singapore.

High prices are the best defence against opium. Two related swords makes smuggling more profitable.

Showed me ready opium, a dark thick brown liquid, sweetly sickly. Opium comes into a cylinder, the opium reservoir and is pumped up and then put on to moving machines. Malay boys put in little bullets, which are filled. Two boys on each machine. One puts the bullets In and the other takes the filled out. 22,000 each day.

30 machines, but only 11 work, each has a half mata, 15 cent, enough for two pipes, some smoke 50 a day, average is S mata a day. Up to 5 mata is free without licence.

Only part of the small bullet is filled, the bullet ( about one and a half inches long) is closed by the machine. You can get opium, up to 5 matas, in the special parts.

You can say that the product has gone done an ~ oh n! smile of cynicism.

Then the opium bullets (shining like silver, looking like mass of white fangs are tested, each one. Then packed in chests of 250, like cigar box. Control - expanding ties, with glass top, each 250 mata sold at 75 guIlder.

Warehouse filled with opium boxes, carefully plombiet and vers iegelt.

&&diagram (possibly seal on boxes)

Each box about If t x 1 at 750 guilder, 421 boxes. 300,000.

Chemical Lab

Dross, all that remains in the opium pipes is half burned chandu, which contains a formidable amount of morphia - 8% - 10%, very dangerous drug to leave in the hands of the Chinese, because they can boil it in coffee and tea to make medicines. Their medicines for colds etc. Bad, it contains oxide.

Smokers are forced to deliver it to the government and the government pays 10 cents for 1 mata of dross. If 1 mata of chandu is smoked there remains half a mata of dross, worth 5 cents, 1 mata chandu is 30 cents in Japan and 25 cents in Sumatra.

It is dear and thus the natives make up the dross by burning wood, maize, burnt rice, half burnt bread.

Chinese research is very different, done by ultra violet rays.

Room where dross is examined, boiled with hot water and the extract is dried in copper bowls and the dried extract is scanned by means of ultra violet rays.

Dj iching ??

The ultra violet rays reveal bright green colour on the paper on which (diagram)

That is mixed with a chinese plant. One of the favourite imitations is betel nuts. Sometimes grains of iron to make the weight heavier. Iron with magnet is extracted.

The dross is boiled and made into morphine, in a different process some of the dross is mixed with the chandu, some made into morphia. Morphia is kept for use in the factory.

Lab

This is the lab for the police, when the police seize in port, they send it here and we examine it. I give it a testimonial, whether good or not fit.

Police report - "I  went to house, Chinese wife hid dross in wood pile, imported from China.

Injectors made by the Chinese themselves from half a cent, part of a bicycle valve, glass, they are seized and destroyed. They’ve made and have diseases, not hygienic.

This is morphia, this comes a lot in Japan. Made in Japan, (White powder. This may be European). Japanese morphia has a slight yellow colour. Even from U.S or Germany is very light, Japan’s morphia is heavier. Also made from raw opium. Japanese morphia is not so pure, slight colour, weight.

That is 2.191 grams, and the smugglers charged 5 guilders, (legal price 250 guilders per 1,000 grams, kilogram) about 10 times more expensive than the legal trade. Thus big profit. Seized at Batarin.

Dross must be sent to the factory, if not it is seized. Here we have the doses in our dross, but used and refilled with smuggled chandu.

Here are boxes of medicines from China, condensed milk, all kinds of pills and powders, (says - grown and packed in California, U.S.A.), containing morphia. Some of the medicines have opium in flask hidden inside.

"Dr Tang Shih Yee, cough pill," Avenue Ed VII, Shanghai. In the cough pills was found opium.

90% of raw opium is from Persia.

Opium from Indo China.

"Opium du Roi Cambodge" - French monopoly, opium de luxe.

French has many sorts, Dutch only one.

Flashlight batteries filled with raw opium, only found out by spies. Smuggled in eggs from China. Showed egg, silver pipes,

Licence Holders.

50,000 licence holders

3 Europeans, 10,102 Chinese, 40,294 natives.

39,000 without licences.

Absolutely forbidden to plant hemp, because it produces hachis.

 Ritman

When Ophir came, the Jap delegate, without telling the Dutch authorities, handed a statement to the press.

Talk with a Journalist

Importers make huge profits on Japanese goods. dust seen in Custom houses sewing machines at 5 guilders, but they’re sold at 30 guilders. Piece goods sold at great profits. Thus the importers will support Jap imports. There will be war, Japan wants Borneo. They want our oil. Japan not dumping; big profits.

Notes concernina JaD ComDanv ~ N. I.

B.C. Butler, Assistant T.V Co*** Canada.

Competition increase, concern :- Importer must secure some of the present connections and must arrange new ones with Japanese supplier if he is to remain in business. Certain local industries, paint and beer especially are suffering hardship from Japanese competition.

Percentage share of Japan and main countries in imports (average)

1909—13 14—18 19—24 25—29 1930 1931

Holland 32.49 17.38 21.45 17.64 16.75 15.41

UK & Irish 15.68 17.86 15.25 12.44 10.48 7.89

Germany 5.04 1.29 4.89 9.45 10.12 9.36

U.s 1.79 8.30 10.65 9.72 10.72 9.36

Singapore 17.89 21.13 14.44 12.82 10.96 11.38

Japan & Formosa 1.25 10.04 9.79 10.24 12.05 17.06

All other 25.86 24 23.5 27.7 28.7 29.5

countries

Japan 1932 — 21.24% 1933 — 31.03%

Holland, England and Germany are feeling Japan’s competition most seriously. Germany particularly hard hit.

Rise of Japan due to :-

1) large scale industry

2) cheap local labour

3) subsidies and financial support from her banking institutions for her nationals.

4) Proximity to markets

5) Shipping - Direct steamer ship connections and low freight rates. The Java, China, Japan line first started a service between Japan and the Netherlands in 1903. In 1918 the Osaka Shosen Kaisha and later to Nanyo.

Yusen Kaisha and NIY.L offered services which were subsidised by the Japanese Government for calls at N. I ports. The Dutch Line and those Jap lines established conference rates which were strictly adhered to until March 1931, when an independent Jap line, the Ishihara Sangyo Kaiun Kaisha commenced operations. This latter service is owned and controlled by the large Ishihara interests, which have tin mines in British Malaya and use their ships for transporting tin to Japan. Calls were paid on N. I. ports en route to and from British Malaya. This line is subsidised by the Japanese Government and assissted in the building of new ships. The conference rates were underguoted by more than 50% and a fierce rate war between the conference and this independent line was carried on during most of 1931 and until September 1932, when the Ishihara line joined the conference.

A new rate schedule was issued in October 1932 to be effective on January 1st, 1933. A strong protest was made by the Japanese cotton manufacturers who declared that their forward commitments required the continuance of low rates for a further period.

Freight rates low.

6) Cheap Yen

7) Chinese boycott closed market to Jap goods and had to look elsewhere to dispose of goods. The other countries bordering the Pacific have placed tariff barriers against Japanese goods and in British Malaya a sentimental boycott as in China has been in effect.

In N. I however Japan has a market where she may enter on an equal footing with her competitiors as far as tariffs are concerned. Patriotism in China sector not so strong as in British Malaya.

8) Natives want cheap goods. Many of Japanese products are particularly suitable, eg a native youth loves to dress up on occasion and to line the breast pocket of his coat with fountain pens and pencils. Naturally they have little use for. Nor can they afford the complete pen or pencil. Jap shops offer brightly coloured caps with Gold clips for fountain pens and pencils priced at three and a half guilder cents each. Jap suppliers adapt selves to peculiar buying habits.

Chinese Dealer/Retail System

Actions of Japan to circumvent this is regarded by some as a distinct menace.

The big Chinese dealers who in the past had dealt mainly with the large European importers, but who recently had started importing direct, had developed elaborate distribution systems through friends, relatives and other connections which penetrated to the remotest villages. The system necessitated the handling of goods by at least three middle men before they reached the ultimate customer. With the decline in the purchasing power of the native, the Chinese retailer has been forced to grant more extended terms of credit, he in turn is given terms up to 8 and even 12 months by the Chinese dealer, who himself is carried by the large European import house. In this way the various members of the distributing system become increasingly intradependent and all are burdened by large stocks and heavy debts.

The Japanese detected weakness and carried out more direct dealing with the ultimate consumer. They first relied on low prices. Boycott forced Japan to take action.

Mitsui etc. Opened retail shops in the main cities and in smaller towns and villages, action at first not taken seriously.

Most of the large European importing firms have recognised that there is profit in the handling of Japanese products, complete lack of nat*** sent. Most of the large importers opened branch buying offices in Japan and have taken up trade in Japanese goods seriously. Firms which have not set up offices in Japan are in danger of being left out of the running. The import firms, with their connections with the Chinese dealer trade, are distributing Japanese goods through the established channels. Practically all dealings in Japanese goods are in cash, whereas business in the same articles from Europe is on extended credit terms.

Now that demand for their goods has been created, the Japanese are making an effort to get control of the whole system of distribution. Increasing number of retail stores are appearing and it is believed that they are capitalised or supported by the big Jap interests.

Soerabala has 30 Jap shops. These shops sell to make a profit of 10% compared with Chinese shops who expect a higher return. They stock not only the toy and novelty lines formerly carried by Jap shops, but also piece goods, beer and a wide assortment of articles.

Another link in the chain is formed by the local Jap forwarding agents, who are acting more in the nature of warehouses for the        *** weak importers. The importer on order says 50 units of a certain commodity and leaves his stock with the Japanese forwarding company. He then draws on this stock as he requires it in small quantities, paying cash. The balance of his stock is used as security by the forwarding agents and the largest Dutch bank in the country (the Java Bank) is assisting this sort of business. This enables the Japanese exporter to conduct his business with a minimum of capital.

Overhead costs for staff are kept to a minimum by the large Jap firms, this is always a heavy item in the case of European companies. Japanese firms house their staff in large boarding houses where they get free living, the salary consists of little more than pocket money.

Commercial museums at Soerabaia, Semaray and Bataria. Staffed by Japanese officials who know Dutch. Staff act also as scouts, picking up lines which they feel can be made in Japan at lower prices, great help.

Too many "calamity criers", the average Japanese businessman is motivated mainly by a large desire for gain.

Dumping - No proof.

Counterfeiting ~ Established Brands

Particularly noticeable in N.I Siace, unfortunately no official measures can be brought to bear to protect the original patent holders. Goods entering this country need not bear any indication of origin and Japanese producers take advantage in this breach in the law, eg. for some time Japanese matches were sold in the market marked "made in Sweden" and it was not until the Swedish Match interests were able to give definite proof of the situation that it could be stopped. Water - proof coats of Japanese manufacture have been seen with the label inside "best London tailoring". In motor car parts and accessories they not only duplicate the authorized part, but they even stamp it with the number and peculiar markings of the motor car manufacturer. If it can be proven that the goods are of Japanese origin, the Government can confiscate them, but frequently the imitation is so perfect that it is difficult to establish proof.

Japanese consuls have made it known that they want all cases of counterfeiting brought to their notice. They can then stop them.

Chinese have been long resident and become part of the population by intermarriage with the natives. The Japanese come with a view to returning to Japan. Japanese products, continually improving in quality have come to stay.

Prices. Outstanding Commission. Piece Goods

Began in 1715 - 16 with low quality grey goods.

Crepe de Chine - England and the continent retail selling at $1 per yard. Japan - under 25 cents.

Sarongs : Until about 1930, England and Holland shared between them the bulk of the business and it was believed that Japan could never copy the pattern!. Now Japan enjoys well over 90% of the trade and is selling at /3 of the price of competitors.

Japan’s share ~j Q~ Import ~ Piece Goods

1926 — 24%

1930 — 32.5%

1931 — 43%

1932 — 56%

Automobile Accessories

Japan has made large inroads. Practically every class of motor car part and accessory can be obtained from Japan at prices anywhere from 50 to 80% lower than other sources. (set present prices)

Toilet soap Imported

1931 Jap - 3% of total

1932 36.3%

Bicycles  Parts

1926 Japs of Total 6%

1930 26%

1931 46%

1932 over 60%

It is possible to land a Japanese bicycle complete in every detail for 6.50 guilders. The lowest price at which English bicycles can be landed is between 30 and 40 guilders and the better ones between 50 and 60 guilders.

Beer - Good sale. Price per case of 48 qts or 6 dozen pints is between 8 and 8.50 guilders landed in the warehouse. The price of the most popular English, Dutch or German beers is between 18 and 23 guilders. At the low prices there has been an increase in the drinking of beer among the natives, which has tended to expand Japan’s potential market.

Radio tubes - Philips. The Japanese manufacturer first sold the tubes under the name of Philips, the well known Dutch brand.

Since this is an open breach of the patent laws, it wa possible to put a stop to the import of the Japanese tubes under this name.

Toys - Japans share of imports

1926 - 40%

1930 — 63%

1931 — 66%

1932 — 75%

Japanese dishes and crockery have practically put other makes off the market. Medium quality white china plates can be bought for 47 guilder cents per dozen.

Saturday. April 22.

Sailed on Ophir. 4 pm, Nazis on quay :- "Sieg Hell".

Dozens of Chinese girls in yellow long dresses with slit and high neck. One’s handkerchief flies and lands on my shoulder.

Masses of flowers, orchids, different languages :- American "1 had to pay too many guilders, crooks" German, English gent with monocle, Russians, Dutch.

Read to Mr Achuhmacher and Mrs Shaw. Dinner, after dinner, coffee, heard singing and clapping scene in second class, little Viennese comedienne with golden hair, gestures with hand, sings surrounded by Chinese girls with mouth organs! Chinese girls sway to jazzy rhythm. "Parlez mol d’amour" jazzy songs. Accordion player. Russian swords, Femznes de race, great handsome women, come and join. Chinese girls play quick clapping games.

American comes and talks to blonde : ("Ohne dich") "You sing swell! Where are you from?" "Vienna", "Singing?" "Yes, travelling round, had two months in Soerabaya."

"Who played? Is he from Vienna?" "No, he’s half Turkish and half Greek. We’re playing in the Far East." "Have you known him long?" "Well I’ve lived with him for 8 yrs" "As man and wife?

V " No" with shrug of contempt for convention.

In the first class the Russian singers have concert, Russian songs, actions, pose, gestures, German songs, brilliant pianist.

And so to bed.

Chief Engineer

Japanese fishers here, motor vessels with~ sails, one in centre and about five around. The five get the fish and bring it to the centre. They break the three mile limit but it’s hard to catch them.

The natives have a special dope which they throw on the water. It dopes the fish and they rise to the surface to be caught.

Larkins, British trade Commissioner.

Beans in China come from interior. On the way the Chinese eat beans and they prepare beans of mud to replace them. Chinese when taking chickens to sell on market put pebbles inside.

Medley of races walk through street.

Hazy cloud few days rain.

Monday. Easter

AM. taxi, clean fine roads, called Dollar, line for rail, masses of it. Then to the YMCA. Got room, read mail, went to Raffles museum, afternoon with Byard, American baptist teacher who has ring with bible on it, took taxi to see Sultanate of Johore, through rubber plantations, pouring rain dashing down, torrents of water poured down from rubber plantations. Crossed the causeway, saw the palaces of Sultan and the gardens. Back to Singapore. Tea with welsh rarebit at the capitol. Dinner at YM. It gets dark very quickly at about 10 to 7. Then remarkable walk, Tamils with long hair, Chinese rickshaws, Hindu temple with two sacred cows.

Imports - D.O.T. A Hartland

to 20 Dec 1934 to Sept

1930 1931 1932 1933 1934

Brit countries 31.3% 29.2% 32.8% 32% 28%

Japan 3.5% 3.9% 4.6% 7.3% 8.3%

Imports of articles wholly or mainly manufactured.

1929 1934 to Sept.

UK 29% 22%

Japan 5.3% 15.8%

Cotton piece goocis

UK Jap (plain)

1929 75.4% 5.3%

1934 (Jan—Sept) 26.7% 64.9%

cotton piece goods, woven cotton colours

UK Jap

1929 90.7% 1.4%

1934 (Jan-Sept) 11.6% 78.1%

get D.O.T. report.

Cotton Sarongs, Slendays & Kaiys

UK Jap Brit md Neth md

1929 11.8% nil 35.3% 31.4%

1934 0.2% 49.2% 14.3% 26.6%

(Jan-Sept)

Flight Lieutenant Riny Blayden, at the R.A.F station, 12 miles,

intelligence officer.

To Naval Base

Chinese everywhere, rubber trees, ferns.

Seletar village. Senbawag, a native village with sugar "Drink or

Ginger ale" Long Fatt and Co.

Slkh guard in khaki, drive in, houses on columns, well built, Chinese nurses and boys, white children, fair haired, long building. Mr Neve, along the grands. Dry dock is a grand sight, will take the greatest vessels afloat. Used to be a mangrove swamp, has walls 80 - 90 ft deep, engine rooms underneath the earth where they cannot be bombed, could see the cranes digging away the side of the hi₁l. The Naval base is granite, some from Scotland, smoothed to of an inch. Beautiful sight, deep and long like Greek work, Hne symmetrical lines. The guti is huge, but not yet ready to dam separately, the dry dock from the water basin where terrorists monitor two 15 inch guns. Then the straits opposite Johore, there was the great floating dock used a lot for repairing vessels on the way home from China station, 3,000 coolies working there.

1) Kriegsminiscules } Evashiell

* wang Zopul ) Siklahor

2) Iuuennunisfer } Woherranaut

Luang Pradit }

Jolly , red-faced

Singapore - Thurs April 25

Dined with the Commodore Mark Laidlaw, "Britain is half - cracked about the air force nowadays. Exaggerating it. What we want is an airforce for defence in Europe, a strong Navy for defence on our outlying routes, especially in Asia and a strong Army."

‘Advantages of Singapore?’

"Advantages!!! It’s an essential. Just look at the map. We command the East here. Aeroplanes cannot defend trade routes. Just take that trade route between Africa and Singapore. That could be cut of f by cruisers and submarines. What you have to do is send a fleet to clear the waters. Aeroplanes would be no use out there and submarines could interrupt the trade far away.

An essential for good old England."

Japan. No reason why there shouldn’t be an understanding with Japan. They were wonderflu during the war. We owe them a great debt. They could easily have taken the Dutch East Indies. They had little reward.

"We’ve got to depend on the nation at home for the money for the Naval base. It’ll be impregnable."

"1 can’t say anything about relations with Holland. I don’t know anything about it."

Charles Burke of Raffles Place, lunched at Singapore Club.

All agree Kra canal will not be built, too expensive and Britain will not allow it. Look at the number of boats which round the Cape of Good Hope rather than pay the duty at Suez.

Fear of Japanese influence growing (Siam).

Singapore - Welsh pudding at the Singapore Club. Boiled suet pudding with plum jam on top. Sir Shenton Thomas, partly Welsh.

Clean streets, beautiful buildings, fine non-skid roads. Japanese barber, photographers, shoe repairers.

Lunched with Peet, Straits Times. Dined with Waite, St T and H.

G. Heard Galli and Curci.

Friday. April 26

Woke up to hear clang-clang! Loading oil cans into SS Kistna, British India Steamer, Navigation Line. Looked out of porthole to see coolies at work. Rang for Chinese boy, tea, biscuits and apple. Strolled around, sailed at 9 - homesick Scotsman at breakfast.

Talk with officer :- "That’s Keppel Harbour. That height (Mount Faber) there was closed to the public three months ago. That’s the old P & 0 wharf, now used no more. It was the latest public wharf before the Government bought up the docks.

"See there, you can see the old fortifications."

We came out to sea and there were three islands, one with British APC Aviation Petroleum, one in the middle with standard Oil. tanks etc and one in the distance where just saw the glimmer of the Dutch part of APC.

"That’s what the people fight for" said the philosophical officer "That’s what the Japs want in oil".

"This Singapore Base is going to put an end to all that talk about the white race losing out in the Far East. It’s true our prestige has gone down ever since the Japs fought the Russians.

It’ll be a great day when they can get oil from coal. They’re getting on, it’ll be grand for Britain.

"The Japanese fishermen came here with diesel vessels and have captured the fishing trade. They are spies, they know the country inside out and they’ve taken soundings. They even have rubber plantations opposite the Naval Base.

"Take it from me they know as much about that Naval base as the British and on their fishing vessels they had naval officers. If there’s an understanding with Japan it’ll be because we’ve built up the Naval Base here."

"Well, the Japanese are doing just what we did. They’re overpopulated and they have got to expand".

The three is lands with oil are Pub Samboe (Dutch shell oil), Pub Bukom (British shell APC), Pub Sebarok (Socony) Kistna, London.

Chief Officer :- "We’re caught, we want the cheap goods and the natives want them. India wants to sell cotton, Australia wants to sell wool to them. It’s a bugger."

We stayed for many hours at Sebarok waiting for thousands (or so it seemed) of tins of Locory kerosine tins to be loaded, rattle and din. Chinese with a pigtail (round his head).

This sea is infested with sharks. Some years ago a major’s daughter was diving into Singapore Swimming Club on beach when she shrieked her leg was bitten off by a shark, died because of loss of blood.

Just about sunset, we sailed. Went on the bridge, watched the Mohammedans at their evening prayer, they are firemen, they go down on the mat and knock their heads on to the ground.

Jelly fish floating, going through the straits of Singapore, Dutch are on one side, oil tanks, getting dark, sailing vessel, ~ad talk with officer.

‘It won’t be so quiet within two years." "Why not?"

‘War, Japan is sure to fight, she has to fight. She could blow that Naval Base to smithereens.

they prepared plans for the evacuation of Singapore."

‘They could send their aircraft carriers, we’ll have to tight. L~ook how she’s beating us everywhere."

Here in Singapore they know every inch of the ground. Look at ~.he leading Japanese businessman who shot himself in the police station. Then the Japanese Naval Officers who were sent back and never arrived.

In Siam they’re getting bosses. Europeans leaving rapidly. They’ll turn out the professors next. In Siam it is now Siam for the Siamese.

There’ll be another revolution there. They’ve got a first class army."

"The Japs have got the big Iron ore concensus." "Why are they importing so much Iron Ore?"

"Did you see that OSK boat this morning? It can do 18 knots and goes from here to Kobe in 7 days. Those ships could be turned into cruisers in no time."

Japs are selling everything to Siam.

Has Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank shared in the ruin of the clients?

I’ve joined with the Westminster Bank and the big accept. house in issuing in 1930 a loan of E12,500,000 at 5% to the Japanese who are driving us out of the Chinese market.

1930 - Bank made annual profit of 103.4% on its capital after the

deduction of the directors remuneration.

1931 — 81.9%

1932 — 84.1%

(Stock Exchange Gazette, May 19, 1933)

The Breakdown of Money

Chris Hollis, $66.